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THE　PRINCEby　Nicolo　MachiavelliWritten　c。　1505；　published　1515translated　by　W。　K。　MarriottCHAPTER　IHOW　MANY　KINDS　OF　PRINCIPALITIES　THERE　ARE；　AND　BY　WHAT　MEANS　THEY　AREACQUIREDALL　STATES；　all　powers；　that　have　held　and　hold　rule　over　men　have　beenand　are　either　republics　or　principalities。Principalities　are　either　hereditary；　in　which　the　family　has　been　longestablished；　or　they　are　new。The　new　are　either　entirely　new；　as　was　Milan　to　Francesco　Sforza；　orthey　are；　as　it　were；　members　annexed　to　the　hereditary　state　of　theprince　；　as　was　the　kingdom　of　Naples　to　that　ofthe　King　of　Spain。Such　dominions　thus　acquired　are　either　accustomed　to　live　under　aprince；　or　to　live　in　freedom；　and　are　acquired　either　by　the　arms　ofthe　prince　himself；　or　of　others；　or　else　by　fortune　or　by　ability。CHAPTER　IICONCERNING　HEREDITARY　PRINCIPALITIESI　WILL　leave　out　all　discussion　on　republics；　inasmuch　as　in　anotherplace　I　have　written　of　them　at　length；　＇1＇　and　will　address　myself　onlyto　principalities。　In　doing　so　I　will　keep　to　the　order　indicated　above；and　discuss　how　such　principalities　are　to　be　ruled　and　preserved。I　say　at　once　there　are　fewer　difficulties　in　holding　hereditary　states；and　those　long　accustomed　to　the　family　of　their　prince；　than　new　ones；for　it　is　sufficient　only　not　to　transgress　the　customs　of　hisancestors；　and　to　deal　prudently　with　circumstances　as　they　arise；　for　aprince　of　average　powers　to　maintain　himself　in　his　state；　unless　he　bedeprived　of　it　by　some　extraordinary　and　excessive　force；　and　if　heshould　be　so　deprived　of　it；　whenever　anything　sinister　happens　to　theusurper；　he　will　regain　it。We　have　in　Italy；　for　example；　the　Duke　of　Ferrara；　who　could　not　havewithstood　the　attacks　of　the　Veians　in　'84；　nor　those　of　Pope　Juliusin　'10；　unless　he　had　been　long　established　in　his　dominions。　For　thehereditary　prince　has　less　cause　and　less　necessity　to　offend；　hence　ithappens　that　he　will　be　more　loved；　and　unless　extraordinary　vices　causehim　to　be　hated；　it　is　reasonable　to　expect　that　his　subjects　will　benaturally　well　disposed　towards　him；　and　in　the　antiquity　and　durationof　his　rule　the　memories　and　motives　that　make　for　change　are　lost；　forone　change　always　leaves　the　toothing　for　another。1。　Discourses。CHAPTER　IIICONCERNING　MIXED　PRINCIPALITIESBUT　the　difficulties　occur　in　a　new　principality。　And　firstly；　if　it　benot　entirely　new；　but　is；　as　it　were；　a　member　of　a　state　which；　takencollectively；　may　be　called　posite；　the　changes　arise　chiefly　from　aninherent　difficulty　which　there　is　in　all　new　principalities；　for　menchange　their　rulers　willingly；　hoping　to　better　themselves；　and　thishope　induces　them　to　take　up　arms　against　him　who　rules：　wherein　theyare　deceived；　because　they　afterwards　find　by　experience　they　have　gonefrom　bad　to　worse。　This　follows　also　on　another　natural　and　monnecessity；　which　always　causes　a　new　prince　to　burden　those　who　havesubmitted　to　him　with　his　soldiery　and　with　infinite　other　hardshipswhich　he　must　put　upon　his　new　acquisition。In　this　way　you　have　enemies　in　all　those　whom　you　have　injured　inseizing　that　principality；　and　you　are　not　able　to　keep　those　friendswho　put　you　there　because　of　your　not　being　able　to　satisfy　them　in　theway　they　expected；　and　you　cannot　take　strong　measures　against　them；feeling　bound　to　them。　For；　although　one　may　be　very　strong　in　armedforces；　yet　in　entering　a　province　one　has　always　need　of　the　goodwillof　the　natives。For　these　reasons　Louis　XII；　King　of　France；　quickly　occupied　Milan；　andas　quickly　lost　it；　and　to　turn　him　out　the　first　time　it　only　neededLodovico's　own　forces；　because　those　who　had　opened　the　gates　to　him；finding　themselves　deceived　in　their　hopes　of　future　benefit；　would　notendure　the　ill…treatment　of　the　new　prince。　It　is　very　true　that；　afteracquiring　rebellious　provinces　a　second　time；　they　are　not　so　lightlylost　afterwards；　because　the　prince；　with　little　reluctance；　takes　theopportunity　of　the　rebellion　to　punish　the　delinquents；　to　clear　out　thesuspects；　and　to　strengthen　himself　in　the　weakest　places。　Thus　to　causeFrance　to　lose　Milan　the　first　time　it　was　enough　for　the　Duke　Lodovicoto　raise　insurrections　on　the　borders；　but　to　cause　him　to　lose　it　asecond　time　it　was　necessary　to　bring　the　whole　world　against　him；　andthat　his　armies　should　be　defeated　and　driven　out　of　Italy；　whichfollowed　from　the　causes　above　mentioned。Nevertheless　Milan　was　taken　from　France　both　the　first　and　the　secondtime。　The　general　reasons　for　the　first　have　been　discussed；　it　remainsto　name　those　for　the　second；　and　to　see　what　resources　he　had；　and　whatany　one　in　his　situation　would　have　had　for　maintaining　himself　moresecurely　in　his　acquisition　than　did　the　King　of　France。Now　I　say　that　those　dominions　which；　when　acquired；　are　added　to　anancient　state　by　him　；　are　either　of　the　same　countryand　language；　or　they　are　not。　When　they　are；　it　is　easier　to　hold　them；especially　when　they　have　not　been　accustomed　to　self…government；　and　tohold　them　securely　it　is　enough　to　have　destroyed　the　family　of　theprince　who　was　ruling　them；　because　the　two　peoples；　preserving　in　otherthings　the　old　conditions；　and　not　being　unlike　in　customs；　will　livequietly　together；　as　one　has　seen　in　Brittany；　Burgundy；　Gascony；　andNormandy；　which　have　been　bound　to　France　for　so　long　a　time：　and；although　there　may　be　some　difference　in　language；　nevertheless　thecustoms　are　alike；　and　the　people　will　easily　be　able　to　get　on　amongstthemselves。　He　who　has　annexed　them；　if　he　wishes　to　hold　them；　has　onlyto　bear　in　mind　two　considerations：　the　one；　that　the　family　of　theirformer　lord　is　extinguished；　the　other；　that　neither　their　laws　northeir　taxes　are　altered；　so　that　in　a　very　short　time　they　will　beeentirely　one　body　with　the　old　principality。But　when　states　are　acquired　in　a　country　differing　in　language；customs；　or　laws；　there　are　difficulties；　and　good　fortune　and　greatenergy　are　needed　to　hold　them；　and　one　of　the　greatest　and　most　realhelps　would　be　that　he　　should　go　and　reside　there。This　would　make　his　position　more　secure　and　durable；　as　it　has　madethat　of　the　Turk　in　Greece；　who；　notwithstanding　all　the　other　measurestaken　by　him　for　holding　that　state；　if　he　had　not　settled　there；　wouldnot　have　been　able　to　keep　it。　Because；　if　one　is　on　the　spot；　disordersare　seen　as　they　spring　up；　and　one　can　quickly　remedy　them；　but　if　oneis　not　at　hand；　they　heard　of　only　when　they　are　one　can　no　longerremedy　them。　Besides　this；　the　country　is　not　pillaged　by　yourofficials；　the　subjects　are　satisfied　by　prompt　recourse　to　the　prince；thus；　wishing　to　be　good；　they　have　more　cause　to　love　him；　and　wishingto　be　otherwise；　to　fear　him。　He　who　would　attack　that　state　from　theoutside　must　have　the　utmost　caution；　as　long　as　the　prince　residesthere　it　can　only　be　wrested　from　him　with　the　greatest　difficulty。The　other　and　better　course　is　to　send　colonies　to　one　or　two　places；which　may　be　as　keys　to　that　state；　for　it　necessary　either　to　do　thisor　else　to　keep　there　a　great　number　of　cavalry　and　infantry。　A　princedoes　not　spend　much　on　colonies；　for　with　little　or　no　expense　he　cansend　them　out　and　keep　them　there；　and　he　offends　a　minority　only　of　thecitizens　from　whom　he　takes　lands　and　houses　to　give　them　to　the　newinhabitants；　and　those　whom　he　offends；　remaining　poor　and　scattered；are　never　able　to　injure　him；　whilst　the　rest　being　uninjured　are　easilykept　quiet；　and　at　the　same　time　are　anxious　not　to　err　for　fear　itshould　happen　to　them　as　it　has　to　those　who　have　been　despoiled。　Inconclusion；　I　say　that　these　colonies　are　not　costly；　they　are　morefaithful；　they　injure　less；　and　the　injured；　as　has　been　said；　beingpoor　and　scattered；　cannot　hurt。　Upon　this；　one　has　to　remark　that　menought　either　to　be　well　treated　or　crushed；　because　they　can　avengethemselves　of　lighter　injuries；　of　more　serious　ones　they　cannot；therefore　the　injury　that　is　to　be　done　to　a　man　ought　to　be　of　such　akind　that　one　does　not　stand　in　fear　of　revenge。But　in　maintaining　armed　men　there　in　place　of　colonies　one　spends　muchmore；　having　to　consume　on　the　garrison　all　ine　from　the　state；　sothat　the　acquisition　turns　into　a　loss；　and　many　more　are　exasperated；because　the　whole　state　is　injured；　through　the　shifting　of　the　garrisonup　and　down　all　bee　acquainted　with　hardship；　and　all　bee　hostile；and　they　are　enemies　who；　whilst　beaten　on　their　own　ground；　are　yetable　to　do　hurt。　For　every　reason；　therefore；　such　guards　are　as　uselessas　a　colony　is　useful。Again；　the　prince　who　holds　a　country　differing　in　the　above　respectsought　to　make　himself　the　head　and　defender　of　his　powerful　neighbours；and　to　weaken　the　more　powerful　amongst　them；　taking　care　that　noforeigner　as　powerful　as　himself　shall；　by　any　accident；　get　a　footingthere；　for　it　will　always　happen　that　such　a　one　will　be　introduced　bythose　who　are　discontented；　either　through　excess　of　ambition　or　throughfear；　as　one　has　seen　already。　The　Romans　were　brought　into　Greece　bythe　Aetolians；　and　in　every　other　country　where　they　obtained　a　footingthey　were　brought　in　by　the　inhabitants。　And　the　usual　course　of　affairsis　that；　as　soon　as　a　powerful　foreigner　enters　a　country；　all　thesubject　states　are　drawn　to　him；　moved　by　the　hatred　which　they　feelagainst　the　ruling　power。　So　that　in　respect　to　these　subject　states　hehas　not　to　take　any　trouble　to　gain　them　over　to　himself；　for　the　wholeof　them　quickly　rally　to　the　state　which　he　has　acquired　there。　He　hasonly　to　take　care　that　they　do　not　get　hold　of　too　much　power　and　toomuch　authority；　and　then　with　his　own　forces；　and　with　their　goodwill；he　can　easily　keep　down　the　more　powerful　of　them；　so　as　to　remainentirely　master　in　the　country。　And　he　who　does　not　properly　manage　thisbusiness　will　soon　lose　what　he　has　acquired；　and　whilst　he　does　hold　ithe　will　have　endless　difficulties　and　troubles。The　Romans；　in　the　countries　which　they　annexed；　observed　closely　thesemeasures；　they　sent　colonies　and　maintained　friendly　relations　with　theminor　powers；　without　increasing　their　strength；　they　kept　down　thegreater；　and　did　not　allow　any　strong　foreign　powers　to　gain　authority。Greece　appears　to　me　sufficient　for　an　example。　The　Achaeans　andAetolians　were　kept　friendly　by　them；　the　kingdom　of　Macedonia　washumbled；　Antiochus　was　driven　out；　yet　the　merits　of　the　Achaeans　andAetolians　never　secured　for　them　permission　to　increase　their　power；　nordid　the　persuasions　of　Philip　ever　induce　the　Romans　to　be　his　friendswithout　first　humbling　him；　nor　did　the　influence　of　Antiochus　make　themagree　that　he　should　retain　any　lordship　over　the　country。　Because　theRomans　did　in　these　instances　what　all　prudent　princes　ought　to　do；　whohave　to　regard　not　only　present　troubles；　but　also　future　ones；　forwhich　they　must　prepare　with　every　energy；　because；　when　foreseen；　it　iseasy　to　remedy　them；　but　if　you　wait　until　they　approach；　the　medicineis　no　longer　in　time　because　the　malady　has　bee　incurable；　for　ithappens　in　this；　as　the　physicians　say　it　happens　in　hectic　fever；　thatin　the　beginning　of　the　malady　it　is　easy　to　cure　but　difficult　todetect；　but　in　the　course　of　time；　not　having　been　either　detected　ortreated　in　the　beginning；　it　bees　easy　to　detect　but　difficult　tocure。　Thus　it　happens　in　affairs　of　state；　for　when　the　evils　that　arisehave　been　foreseen　（which　it　is　only　given　to　a　wise　man　to　see）；　theycan　be　quickly　redressed；　but　when；　through　not　having　been　foreseen；they　have　been　permitted　to　grow　in　a　way　that　every　one　can　see　them。there　is　no　longer　a　remedy。　Therefore；　the　Romans；　foreseeing　troubles；dealt　with　them　at　once；　and；　even　to　avoid　a　war；　would　not　let　theme　to　a　head；　for　they　knew　that　war　is　not　to　be　avoided；　but　is　onlyput　off　to　the　advantage　of　others；　moreover　they　wished　to　fight　withPhilip　and　Antiochus　in　Greece　so　as　not　to　have　to　do　it　in　Italy；　theycould　have　avoided　both；　but　this　they　did　not　wish；　nor　did　that　everplease　them　which　is　for　ever　in　the　mouths　of　the　wise　ones　of　ourtime：……　Let　us　enjoy　the　benefits　of　the　time　……　but　rather　the　benefits　oftheir　own　valour　and　pr