友情提示:如果本网页打开太慢或显示不完整,请尝试鼠标右键“刷新”本网页!
美丽英文(散文卷)-第11部分
快捷操作: 按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页 按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页 按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部! 如果本书没有阅读完,想下次继续接着阅读,可使用上方 "收藏到我的浏览器" 功能 和 "加入书签" 功能!
Such Friendships are of course very liable to dissolution if the parties do not continue alike: I mean; that the others cease to have any Friendship for them when they are no longer pleasurable or useful。 Now it is the nature of utility not to be permanent but constantly varying: so; of course; when the motive which made them friends is vanished; the Friendship likewise dissolves; since it existed only relatively to those circumstances。。。
That then is perfect Friendship which subsists between those who are good and whose similarity consists in their goodness: for these men wish one another’s good in similar ways; insofar as they are good (and good they are in themselves); and those are specially friends who wish good to their friends for their sakes; because they feel thus toward them on their own account and not as a mere matter of result; so the Friendship between these men continues to subsist so long as they are good; and goodness; we know; has in it a principle of permanence 。。。
Rare it is probable Friendships of this kind will be; because men of this kind are rare。 Besides; all requisite qualifications being presupposed; there is further required time and intimacy: for; as the proverb says; men cannot know one another“till they have eaten the requisite quantity of salt together”; nor can they in fact admit one another to intimacy; much less be friends; till each has appeared to the other and been proved to be a fit object of Friendship。 They who speedily mence an interchange of friendly actions may be said to wish to be friends; but they are not so unless they are also proper objects of Friendship and mutually known to be such: that is to say; a desire for Friendship may arise quickly but not Friendship itself。
电子书 分享网站
亚里士多德论自律(1)
'古希腊'亚里士多德
亚里士多德告诉我们,人类是自己行为的累积,因此习性造就了不同的我们。《尼各马可伦理学》让我们懂得,道德的美德是从实践中产生的,就像掌握各种艺术或机械技能一样。那么,实践的最佳途径是什么呢?亚里士多德在他的“中庸之道”解释中作出了回答。在他看来,在某种特定的情况下,正确的道德行为是介于两种邪恶极端的中庸之道。我们通过确定倾向于哪种邪恶,然后有意识地朝着相反的邪恶移动,最后达到中庸,以此来实践正确的道德行为。
美德有两种,即智慧的美德与道德的美德。智慧的美德是由教谕产生与发展的,因此它需要有充足的经验与时间。道德的美德来自习惯……这些美德既不是生来就为我们所有,也不是逆天性而为,而是靠自然赋予的能力来获得的,并且我们在习惯中使它们有所发展……正如其他艺术一样。这些美德是在我们初次笃行它们的过程中获得的,不管我们学习什么,都是在真正去做的过程中学到。比如,人们通过建筑才成为了建筑师;通过演奏竖琴才成为了竖琴演奏家。同样,在日常生活中,我们言行正直才成为了正直之人;平素里坚持自制才成为了克己之人;时常勇敢行事才成为了勇敢之人……
人际关系中,我们如何待人待物,决定了我们能否成为正直之人。如何面对危险的境况,是对自己有信心还是担心畏惧,决定了我们成为勇敢之人还是怯懦之人。欲望与愤怒亦是如此:在这样的情况下,有些人在它们的指导下变得能自制、有耐性;而另一些人则变得冲动、不能自制。总之,行动衍生出相应的性格与气质。所以我们必须对我们的行动赋予某种特性……简而言之,我们儿时养成的习惯可以造就巨大的不同,甚至可以说造成完全不同的结果。
道德的美德是一种介于两种极端——过度和缺乏——之间的美德……是以达到情感与行为中庸为目的。要做到这一点很难,因为在过度与缺乏中寻找到中庸的确很难,其难度不低于找到一个圆的圆心。恼怒或者花钱都很容易——任何一个人都能做到。但是要在恰当的时间、恰当的场合,用恰当的态度去应对恰当的人就不容易了,也并非每个人都能做到。
因此,追求中庸之道的人,首先应当小心远离比另一端更有悖于中庸的一端……因为两端之中总有一端错误更多。因为达到中庸之道相当困难,因此我们只能退而求其次,将邪恶分成最少的作为我们最安全的准备……
我们应该注意经常犯的各种错误。它们因人而异,我们将在痛苦与欢乐中找到自己经常犯的错误。发现自己的错误后,必须强迫自己向相反的方向发展。因为只有远离自己的过失才能达到中庸之道,这就如同我们将一块弯曲的木头重新展平一样。但是无论在何种情况下,我们都应该提防带来欢乐之事以及享乐本身,因为我们无法对之作出公正的裁决……
这一点非常清楚:在我们的所有行为中,中庸之道是一种最受人称道的境界。但是在实际情况中,我们有时会倾向于过度,有时倾向于缺乏,因此这就是达到中庸之道的最简洁的方式,亦即正确之道。
■
真正的自由都要受到一定的约束和限制,没有任何限制、不约束的自由是不存在的,这是自律中的一个重要的知识。所以,自律,能使人获得行动的自由。学会自律,是解决人生问题的首要工具,也是消除人生痛苦的重要手段。通过自律,我们就知道在面对问题时,如何以坚毅、果敢的态度,从学习与成长中获得益处。
Aristotle on Self…Discipline
Aristotle
We are the sum of our actions; Aristotle tells us; and therefore our habits make all the difference。 Moral virtue; we learn in this discussion from the Niachean Ethics; es with practice; just like the mastery of any art or mechanical skill。 And what is the best way to practice? Aristotle’s answer lies in his explanation of “the mean。” In his view; correct moral behavior in any given situation lies at the midway point between the extremes of two vices。 We must practice hitting the mean by determining which vice we tend toward and then consciously moving toward the other extreme; until we reach the middle。。 最好的txt下载网
亚里士多德论自律(2)
Virtue; then; is of two kinds; intellectual and moral。 Intellectual virtue springs from and grows from teaching; and therefore needs experience and time。 Moral virtues e from habit。。。 They are in us neither by nature; nor in despite of nature; but we are furnished by nature with a capacity for receiving them; and we develop them through habit。。。 These virtues we acquire by first exercising them; as in the case of other arts。 Whatever we learn to do; we learn by actually doing it: men e to be builders; for instance; by building; and harp players; by playing the harp。 In the same way; by doing just acts we e to be just; by doing self…controlled acts; we e to be self…controlled; and by doing brave acts; we bee brave。。。
How we act in our relations with other people makes us just or unjust。 How we face dangerous situations; either accustoming ourselves to fear or confidence; makes us brave or cowardly。 Occasions of lust and anger are similar: some people bee self…controlled and patient from their conduct in such situations; and others uncontrolled and passionate。 In a word; then; activities produce similar dispositions。 Therefore we must give a certain character to our activities。。。 In short; the habits we form from childhood make no small difference; but rather they make all the difference。
Moral virtue is a mean that lies between two vices; one of excess and the other of deficiency; and。。。 it aims at hitting the mean both in feelings and actions。 So it is hard to be good; for surely it is hard in each instance to find the mean; just as it is difficult to find the center of a circle。 It is easy to get angry or to spend money—anyone can do that。 But to act the right way toward the right person; in due proportion; at the right time; for the right reason; and in the right manner—this is not easy; and not everyone can do it。
Therefore he who aims at the mean should make it his first care to keep away from that extreme which is more contrary than the other to the mean。。。 For one of the two extremes is always more erroneous than the other。 And since hitting the mean exactly is difficult; one must take the next best course; and choose the least of the evils as the safest plan。。。
We should also take notice of the errors into which we naturally tend to fall。 They vary in each individual’s case; and we will discover ours by the pleasure or pain they give us。 Having discovered our errors; we must force ourselves off in the opposite direction。 For we shall arrive at the mean by moving away from our failing; just as if we were straightening a bent piece of wood。 But in all cases we should guard most carefully against what is pleasant; and pleasure itself; because we are not impartial judges of it。。。
This much; then; is plain: in all our conduct; the mean is the most praiseworthy state。 But as a practical matter; we must sometimes aim a bit toward excess and sometimes toward deficiency; because this will be the easiest way of hitting the mean; that is; what is right。
童 年(1)
'俄国'列夫·托尔斯泰
■
列夫·托尔斯泰(1828—1910),19世纪俄国伟大的作家。托尔斯泰以自传体小说《童年》《少年》一举成名。长篇小说《战争与和平》是托尔斯泰创作历程中的第一个里程碑,是一部具有史诗和编年史特色的鸿篇巨制。长篇小说《安娜·卡列尼娜》是托尔斯泰第二部里程碑式的巨著,他晚期作品中著名的长篇小说《复活》也是世界文学宝库中不朽名著之一。
快乐的,快乐的,不再回来的童年时代啊!怎能不让我珍视对你的回忆呢?这些回忆让我精神亢奋、心灵愉悦,是我无限乐趣的源泉。
有时,我会回忆起流逝的岁月。那时跑不动了,我就在茶桌旁那把高背安乐椅上安逸地坐下来;夜深了,我就喝光所有的牛奶,迷迷糊糊地合上眼睛,静坐在那儿聆听着妈妈在同什么人说话,她的声音是那么婉转优美!那声音不停地在我的心灵深处荡漾,让我想起那段美妙的时光。我用迷糊的睡眼渴望地看着妈妈的脸。忽然,妈妈的身影逐渐变小,她的面孔缩小成了一个小黑点;可是,我依然可以看到她,她笑眯眯地瞥了我一眼。不知什么缘故,我喜欢看见妈妈变得这么小的样子。我眨了眨双眼,她的样子变得和瞳人里的小孩儿一样大了。后来我被惊醒了,画面也不见了。我眨眨眼睛,举目四望,努力想使梦中的景象再现,却一点也想不起来了。我本想站起来,却又马上惬意地靠在安乐椅上。
“你又睡着了,尼古拉斯,”妈妈对我说,“你还是上楼去睡比较好。”
“我不想睡,妈妈,”我蒙蒙眬眬地叨念,我心里装的都是那些迷幻而幸福的梦想。还是小孩的我抵挡不住那浓浓的睡意,眼皮慢慢合了起来,刹那间就来到了沉沉的梦乡,直到最终被人唤醒。蒙眬间,我觉得有人用手在轻轻地抚摩我,这种触摸的感觉告诉我,是妈妈的手。睡梦中的我情不自禁地拉住那只手,把它牢牢地按在嘴唇上。所有的人都已经离开,客厅里只剩下一根燃烧的蜡烛。妈妈说,她要自己叫醒我。妈妈坐在我睡的那张椅子扶手上,用她那温暖的手抚摩着我的头发,用我熟悉的、暖人的声音在我耳边说:“起来吧,我的乖宝贝,该去睡觉了。”
她不会因为任何人嫉妒的眼光而有丝毫犹疑:她根本不顾虑把她的全部温柔和慈爱赋予我。我合着眼,只是一次又一次地亲她的手。
“起来吧,我的天使!”
她的另外一只手搂住我的脖子。手指滑过我的脖子,让我觉得很痒。房间里没有一点声音,光线忽明忽暗,但这痒痒的感觉让我精神振奋,睡意全无。此刻;妈妈就坐在我的身边——这我感觉得到——充满爱意地抚摩着我;我听到她的声音,真实地感觉到了她的气息。我赶紧跳了起来,双手抱住妈妈的脖颈,把头钻进她的怀里,叹息了一声说道:“噢,亲爱的,亲爱的妈妈,我多么爱你呀!”
妈妈露出忧郁而迷人的微笑,然后用双手托住我的头,亲亲我的前额,最后将我抱起来,让我坐在她的腿上。“这么说你十分爱我?”她停了片刻,随后说,“记住,你一定要永远爱我,永远不要忘了我。如果妈妈不在人世了,你不会忘掉她吧?尼古拉斯,你不会忘记吧?”她更加轻柔地亲我。“不,不要这么说,我亲爱的妈妈,我最亲爱的妈妈!”我喊了起来,使劲抱住她的双腿,爱和狂喜的泪水止不住地往下流。
所有的事情都过去后,我回到楼上,虔诚地站在圣像前祷告:“主啊,求你祝福我的爸爸和妈妈。”这一刻我的心情是多么美好啊!幼稚的我重复着为亲爱的妈妈的祈祷——我对她的爱和对上帝的爱神奇地融合在了一起。
说完祈祷词后我爬进被窝,心情是又轻快,又平和,又快乐。美梦接二连三,我梦见了什么呢?它们大都不合逻辑,然而,纯洁的爱和对幸福的向往却充溢在我的梦里。随后,我就把我宠爱的瓷玩具——一只小狗或者一只小兔——放到枕头后面的床角,看着它们如此安逸温暖地躺在那里,我就感到心满意足了。接着,我又祈祷,恳求上帝赐给大家幸福,让人们都心想事成,还恳求上帝让明天有个好天气,那样我们才能去散步;后来我翻了一下身,思绪和梦境交织混杂在一起;最后,我舒服地进入了梦乡,脸上还留着湿漉漉的泪水。 电子书 分享网站
童 年(2)
只有童年时代才会有朝气蓬勃、心无杂念的心情,对爱的向往和对信仰的坚定,在我们以后的人生岁月里真的还能得到吗?当天真的喜悦和对爱的无限渴求——这两种崇高的美德——成为生命中仅有的愿望,在我们的生命中,还会有比这更美妙的事物吗?那些衷心的祈祷现在在哪里?最珍贵的礼物——由情感激发的纯洁泪水——现在又在哪里呢?守护天使曾降临在我们周围,微笑着拭去那些眼泪,指引我们进入那充满无法形容的童真乐趣的甜蜜梦境。难道生活在我们的心头划过的伤痕,已经让那些泪水和欢乐永远远离我们了吗?难道剩下的只是对昔日的留恋了吗?
Childhood
Leo Tolstoy
Happy; happy; never…returning time of childhood! How can we help loving and dwelling upon its recollections1? They cheer and elevate the soul; and bee to one a source of higher joys。
Sometimes; when dreaming of bygone2 days; fancy that; tired out with running about; I have sat down in my high arm…chair by the tea…table。
快捷操作: 按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页 按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页 按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
温馨提示: 温看小说的同时发表评论,说出自己的看法和其它小伙伴们分享也不错哦!发表书评还可以获得积分和经验奖励,认真写原创书评 被采纳为精评可以获得大量金币、积分和经验奖励哦!