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f　the　enemy；　fifty　thousand　under　General　Chang　Diao；　with　the　aid　of　Zhuge　Qian　and　Wang　Shuang；　had　made　a　dash　for　Ruxu；　so　he　hastened　back　and　found　the　officers　were　in　great　fear。
Drawing　his　sword；　he　made　a　speech；　〃Success　depends　upon　the　leader　rather　than　on　the　number　of　soldiers。　The　Art　of　War　says　that　the　value　of　one　soldier　who　inhabits　the　place　equals　that　of　two　soldiers　who　e　from　afar；　and　those　who　are　hosts；　however　in　small　number；　can　overe　those　who　are　guests。　Now　the　enemy　is　weary　from　a　long　march；　and　I　and　you；　my　men；　can　hold　this　place　together。　We　have　the　Great　River　to　defend　us　on　the　south；　and　we　are　backed　by　the　mountains　on　the　north。　Success　should　be　ours　easily；　and　we　are　as　hosts　at　home　awaiting　the　arrival　of　our　weary　visitors。　This　will　give　us　victory　in　every　fight。　Even　if　Cao　Pi　es；　we　need　feel　no　anxiety。　How　much　less　care　we　for　Cao　Ren　and　his　troops？〃
Zhu　Huan　he　issued　orders　to　furl　all　the　banners　and　to　silence　all　the　drums　as　if　the　city　was　empty　of　defenders。
In　time；　Chang　Diao　and　his　veterans　of　the　van　came　to　the　city。　Not　a　person　was　visible；　and　he　hastened　forward　with　all　speed。　But　as　he　neared　the　city；　suddenly　a　bomb　went　off。　Immediately　up　rose　a　forest　of　flags；　and　out　dashed　Zhu　Huan　with　his　sword　drawn。　And　he　made　for　Chang　Diao。　In　the　third　encounter　Zhu　Huan　cut　down　Chang　Diao；　and　the　troops　of　Wu；　rushing　to　the　attack；　thoroughly　routed　the　invaders；　slaying　innumerable　soldiers。　Beside　scoring　a　plete　victory；　Zhu　Huan　took　much　spoil　of　flags　and　weapons　and　horses。
Cao　Ren　himself；　ing　up　later；　was　attacked　by　the　troops　from　Xianxi　and　was　also　routed。　He　fled　home　to　his　master　with　the　news　of　defeat　and　destruction。
And　before　the　Ruler　of　Wei　could　decide　what　course　to　take　in　regard　to　this　loss；　the　news　came　of　the　defeat　of　his　another　army：　〃Cao　Zhen　and　Xiahou　Shang　were　besieging　Nanjun　when　Zhuge　Jin　from　within　and　Lu　Xun　from　without　attacked　in　concert。　The　two　generals　suffered　a　great　loss。〃
Immediately；　another　report　came：　〃Cao　Xiu　has　been　defeated　by　Lu　Fan　at　Dongkou。〃
So　all　three　armies　had　failed　and　were　lost。
Cao　Pi　sighed　and　said　sadly；　〃This　has　e　from　my　willfulness　and　neglect　of　the　advice　of　Jia　Xu　and　Liu　Ye。〃
The　summer　of　that　year　was　very　unhealthy；　and　a　pestilence　swept　away　the　soldiers　more　than　half　the　number。　So　they　were　marched　home　to　Capital　Luoyang。　The　two　countries　were　at　enmity　though　they　were　not　fighting。
Meanwhile　the　First　Ruler　was　failing。　He　remained　in　his　Palace　of　Eternal　Peace　at　Baidicheng　and　presently　was　confined　to　his　couch。　Gradually　he　became　worse；　and　in　the　fourth　moon　of　the　third　year　of　Manifest　Might　（AD　222）　his　condition　became　serious。　He　himself　felt　the　end　was　near；　and　he　was　depressed　and　wept　for　his　two　lost　brothers　till　the　sight　of　his　eyes　suffered。　He　was　morose　and　ill…tempered：　He　could　not　bear　any　of　his　court　near　him；　drove　away　his　servants　and　lay　upon　his　couch　sad　and　solitary。
One　evening　as　thus　he　lay；　a　sudden　gust　of　wind　came　into　the　chamber；　almost　extinguishing　the　candles。　As　they　burned　bright　again；　he　saw　two　men　standing　in　the　shade　behind　them。
〃I　told　you　I　was　worried；〃　said　the　First　Ruler；　〃and　bade　you　leave　me。　Why　have　you　e　back？　Go！〃
But　they　remained　and　did　not　go。　Wherefore　the　First　Ruler　rose　and　went　over　to　look　at　them。　As　he　drew　near　he　saw　one　was　Guan　Yu　and　the　other　Zhang　Fei。
〃Are　you　still　alive；　then；　brothers？〃　said　he。
〃We　are　not　men；　we　are　shades；〃　said　Guan　Yu。　〃The　Supreme　One　has　conferred　spirithood　upon　us　in　consideration　of　our　faithfulness　throughout　life；　and　ere　long；　brother；　we　three　shall　be　together　again。〃
The　First　Ruler　clutched　at　the　figures　and　burst　into　tears；　then　he　awoke。　The　two　figures　were　no　longer　there。　He　called　in　his　people　and　asked　the　hour。　They　told　him　the　third　watch。
〃I　am　not　much　longer　for　this　world；〃　said　he　with　a　sigh。
Messengers　were　sent　to　Capital　Chengdu　to　summon　the　Prime　Minister　and　other　high　officers　of　state　to　receive　the　Emperor's　last　instructions。　They　came；　Zhuge　Liang　bringing　the　two　younger　sons；　Prince　of　Lu　Liu　Yung　and　Prince　of　Liang　Liu　Li。　The　eldest；　the　heir…apparent；　was　left　in　charge　of　the　capital。
Zhuge　Liang　saw　at　once　that　his　master　was　very　ill。　He　bowed　to　the　ground　at　the　foot　of　the　Dragon　Couch。
The　dying　Emperor　bade　him　e　near　and　sit　beside　him；　and　he　patted　his　Minister　on　the　back；　saying；　〃The　attainment　of　emperorship　was　your　work。　Little　thought　you　that　I　should　prove　so　stupid　as　not　to　follow　your　advice　and　so　bring　about　the　late　disasters。　But　I　am　deeply　sorry；　and　now　I　shall　not　live　long。　My　heir　is　a　degenerate；　but　I　must　leave　him　to　do　the　best　he　can　with　the　great　inheritance。〃
And　the　tears　flowed　in　streams。
〃I　trust　Your　Majesty　will　fulfill　the　hopes　of　the　people　by　a　speedy　recovery；〃　said　Zhuge　Liang；　also　in　tears。
Turning　his　head；　the　First　Ruler　saw　Ma　Su；　Ma　Liang's　brother；　at　the　bedside。　He　bade　him　retire。
When　Ma　Su　had　left　the　chamber；　the　First　Ruler　said；　〃Do　you　think　Ma　Su　is　clever？〃
〃He　is　one　of　the　ablest　people　in　the　empire；〃　said　Zhuge　Liang。
〃I　do　not　think　so。　I　think　his　words　exceed　his　deeds。　Do　not　make　much　use　of　him。　Watch　him　carefully。〃
Having　said　this；　he　bade　them　summon　the　high　officers　of　state　to　the　chamber。　Taking　paper　and　pen；　the　First　Ruler　wrote　his　testament。
He　handed　it　to　the　Prime　Minister　with　a　sigh　and　said；　〃I　am　no　great　scholar；　and　I　only　know　the　rough　outlines　of　what　should　be　known。　But　the　Teacher　has　said：　'A　bird's　song　is　sad　when　death　is　near；　and　a　dying　person's　words　are　good。'　I　was　waiting　that　we　might　aid　each　other　in　the　destruction　of　the　Caos　and　the　restoration　of　the　Hans；　but　ere　the　work　is　plete　I　am　called　away；　and　this　last　mand　of　mine　I　confide　to　you　as　Prime　Minister　to　be　handed　to　my　son　and　heir；　Liu　Shan。　My　words　are　to　be　taken　seriously。　I　trust　that　you　will　instruct　and　guide　my　son。〃
Zhuge　Liang　and　all　those　present　wept　and　prostrated　themselves；　saying；　〃We　pray　Your　Majesty　repose　yourself。　We　will　do　our　utmost　whereby　to　prove　our　gratitude　for　the　kindness　we　have　received。〃
At　the　First　Ruler's　mand　the　attendants　raised　Zhuge　Liang　from　the　earth。　With　one　hand　the　dying　man　brushed　away　the　falling　tears；　while　with　the　other　he　grasped　Zhuge　Liang's　hand。
And　he　said；　〃The　end　is　near。　I　have　something　more　to　say　as　to　a　close　general。〃
〃What　holy　mand　has　Your　Majesty　to　give？〃　said　Zhuge　Liang。
The　First　Ruler　said；　〃You　are　many　times　more　clever　than　Cao　Pi；　and　you　must　safeguard　the　kingdom　and　plete　the　great　work。　If　my　son　can　be　helped；　help　him。　But　if　he　proves　a　fool；　then　take　the　throne　yourself　and　be　a　ruler。〃
Such　a　speech　almost　startled　Zhuge　Liang　out　of　his　senses。　A　cold　sweat　broke　out　all　over　his　body；　and　his　limbs　threatened　to　cease　to　support　him。
He　fell　on　his　knees；　saying；　〃I　could　never　do　otherwise　than　wear　myself　to　the　bone　in　the　service　of　your　son；　whom　I　will　serve　till　death。〃
He　knocked　his　head　upon　the　ground　till　blood　ran　down。
The　dying　man　called　Zhuge　Liang　closer；　and　at　the　same　time　making　his　two　sons　e　near；　he　said　to　them；　〃My　sons；　remember　your　father's　words。　After　my　death　you　are　to　treat　the　Prime　Minister　as　you　would　your　father　and　be　not　remiss；　for　thereby　you　will　fulfill　your　father's　hopes。〃
He　made　the　two　Princes　pay　to　Zhuge　Liang　the　obeisance　due　to　a　father。
Said　Zhuge　Liang；　〃Were　I　destroyed　and　ground　into　the　earth；　I　should　be　unable　to　repay　the　kindness　I　have　experienced。〃
Turning　to　the　assembled　officers；　the　First　Ruler　said；　〃As　you　have　seen；　I　have　confided　my　orphan　son　to　the　care　of　the　Prime　Minister　and　bidden　my　sons　treat　him　as　a　father。　You　too；　Sirs；　are　to　treat　him　with　deference。　This　is　my　dying　request　and　charge　to　you。〃
Turning　to　Zhao　Yun；　he　said；　〃You　and　I　have　gone　together　through　many　dangers　and　difficulties。　Now　es　the　parting　of　our　ways。　You　will　not　forget　our　old　friendship；　and　you　must　see　to　it　that　my　sons　follow　my　precepts。〃
〃I　shall　never　dare　to　give　other　than　my　best；〃　said　Zhao　Yun。　〃The　fidelity　of　the　dog　and　horse　is　mine　to　give　and　shall　be　theirs。〃
Then　the　First　Ruler　turned　to　the　others；　〃Noble　Sirs；　I　am　unable　to　speak　to　you　one　by　one　and　lay　a　charge　upon　each　individual。　But　I　say　to　you：　Maintain　your　self…respect。〃
These　were　his　last　words。　He　was　sixty…three；　and　he　died　on　the　twenty…fourth　day　of　the　fourth　month　（AD　222）。　A　poem　was　written　by　Du　Fu　on　his　death：

The　Emperor　set　out　to　destroy　the　land　that　lay　through　the　Three　Gorges；
Failed　he　and　breathed　his　last　in　the　Palace　of　Eternal　Peace；
The　Palace　fair　of　his　thoughts　lay　not　this　side　the　highlands。
Beautiful　chambers　are　vainly　sought　in　his　rural　temple；
Now　are　the　pines　near　his　shrine　nesting　places　for　herons；
Through　the　courts　aged　peasants　saunter；　enjoying　their　leisure；
Nearby　often　is　found　a　shrine　to　this　famous　strategist；
Prince　and　minister's　needs　are　now　but　offerings　in　season。

Thus　died　the　First　Ruler。　All　present　lifted　up　their　voices　and　wept。
The　Prime　Minister　led　the　procession　that　escorted　the　coffin　to　the　capital；　and　the　heir；　Liu　Shan；　came　to　the　outskirts　of　the　city；　as　a　dutiful　son　should；　to　receive　the　remains　with　due　respect。　The　coffin　was　laid　in　the　Great　Hall　of　the　Palace；　wherein　they　lamented　and　performed　the　ceremonies　appointed。　At　the　end　of　these　the　testament　was　opened　and　read：
〃I　first　fell　ill　from　a　simple　ailment。　Other　disorders　followed；　and　it　became　evident　that　I　should　not　recover。
〃They　say　that　death　at　fifty　cannot　be　called　premature。　As　I　have　passed　sixty；　I　may　not　resent　the　call。　But　when　I　think　of　you　and　your　brothers；　I　regret。　Now　I　say　to　you；　strive　and　strive　again。　Do　not　do　evil　because　it　is　a　small　evil；　do　not　leave　undone　a　small　good　because　it　is　a　small　good。　Only　with　wisdom　and　virtue　people　can　be　won。　But　your　father's　virtue　was　but　slender；　and　do　not　imitate。
〃After　my　death　you　are　to　conduct　the　affairs　of　the　state　with　the　Prime　Minister。　You　are　to　treat　him　as　a　father　and　serve　him　without　remissness。　You　and　your　brothers　are　to　seek　instructions。　This　is　my　final　and　simple　mand。〃
When　the　officials　had　read　this；　Zhuge　Liang　said；　〃The　state　cannot　go　a　single　day　without　a　ruler；　wherefore　I　beg　you　to　install　the　heir　as　successor　to　the　great　line　of　Han。〃
Thereupon　the　ceremony　was　performed；　and　the　new　Emperor　took　his　place。　The　style　of　the　reign　was　changed　to　〃Beginning　Prosperity〃。　Zhuge　Liang　was　made　Lord　of　Wuxiang　and　Imperial　Protector　of　Yizhou。
Then　they　buried　the　late　Emperor　at　Huiling　with　the　posthumous　style　of　Liu　Bei　the　Glorious　Emperor。
The　Empress；　of　the　Wu　family；　was　formally　created　Empress　Dowager。　The　late　Consort　Gan　became　the　Glorious　Empress；　and　the　Lady　Mi　was　granted　similar；　also　posthumous；　rank。　There　were　promotions　in　rank　and　rewards　for　all；　and　a　general　amnesty　was　proclaimed。
Before　long；　knowledge　of　these　things　came　to　the　Middle　Land；　and　a　report　was　sent　to　Capital　Luoyang　and　made　known　to　the　Ruler　of　Wei。
Cao　Pi　felt　relieved　and　was　glad　of　the　death　of　his　rival；　saying；　〃Liu　Bei　is　dead：　I　am　no　longer　worried。　An　attack　during　the　critical　moment　can　bring　a　victory　over　Shu。〃
But　Jia　Xu　dissuaded　him；　saying；　〃Liu　Bei　is　gone；　but　surely　he　has　confided　the　care　of　the　state　to　Zhuge　Liang；　who　is　indebted　to　him　so　deeply。　He　will　exhaust　every　effort　to　support　his　young　lord。　You　may　not　hastily　attack。〃
As　Jia　Xu　tendered　this　remonstrance；　a　man　suddenly　stepped　out　from　the　serried　ranks　of　courtiers　and　said　fiercely；　〃If　you　neglect　this　moment；　can　you　expect　a　more　favorable　opportunity？〃
All　eyes　turned　to　the　speaker。　It　was　Sima　Yi。
The　interruption　greatly　pleased　Cao　Pi；　who　at　once　asked　how　it　was　to　be　done。
Sima　Yi　propounded　his　plan　in　the　following　speech：　〃It　would　be　very　difficult　to　obtain　success　with　our　own　resources。　Hence　we　must　use　five　armies　and　attack　all　round　at　the　same　time；　so　as　to　divide　Zhuge　Liang。〃
〃Where　are　the　five　armies　to　e　from？〃　said　Cao　Pi。