嗔秤戻幣哉膵云利匈嬉蝕湊蛸賜塋床四衲萩晦編報炎嘔囚^泡仟 ̄云利匈
衽蛋窮徨慕 卦指云慕朕村 紗秘慕禰 厘議慕尺 厘議慕禰 TXT畠云和墮 〆辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂〇

學僥雰-philosophy of history(哂猟井)-及18何蛍

酔楯荷恬: 梓囚徒貧圭鮗 ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈 梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈 梓囚徒貧圭鮗 ● 辛指欺云匈競何! 泌惚云慕短嗤堋響頼誅卒亮茂俊彭堋響辛聞喘貧圭 "辺茄欺厘議箝誓匂" 孔嬬 才 "紗秘慕禰" 孔嬬

thought it has no objectivity察that is its basis。 The highest point in the development of a people is
this察  to have gained a conception of its life and condition察  to have reduced its laws察its ideas
of justice and morality to a science察for in this unity of the objective and subjectiveАlies the most
intimate unity that Spirit can attain to in and with itself。 In its work it is employed in rendering itself
an object of its own contemplation察but it cannot develop itself objectively in its essential nature
except in thinking itself。 

                                   ′ 89

At this point察then察Spirit is acquainted with its principles ! the general character of its acts。 But at
the same time察in virtue of its very generality察this work of thought is different in point of form from
the actual achievements of the national genius察and from the vital agency by which those
achievements have been performed。 We have then before us a real and an ideal existence of the
Spirit of the Nation。 If we wish to gain the general idea and conception of what the Greeks were
we find it in Sophocles and Aristophanes察in Thucydides and Plato。 In these individuals the Greek
spirit conceived and thought itself。 This is the profounder kind of satisfaction which the Spirit of a
people attains察but it is ^ideal察院and distinct from its ^real ̄ activity。 

                                   ′ 90

At such a time察therefore察we are sure to see a people finding satisfaction in the idea of virtue
putting talk about virtue partly side by side with actual virtue察but partly in the place of it。 On the
other hand pure察universal thought察since its nature is universality察is apt to bring the Special and
Spontaneous ! Belief察Trust察Customary Morality ! to reflect upon itself察and its primitive
simplicity察to show up the limitation with which it is fettered察  partly suggesting reasons for
renouncing duties察partly itself demanding reasons察and the connection of such requirements with
Universal Thought察and not finding that connection察seeking to impeach the authority of duty
generally察as destitute of a sound foundation。 

                                   ′ 91

At the same time the isolation of individuals from each other and from the Whole makes its
appearance察their aggressive selfishness and vanity察their seeking personal advantage and
consulting this at the expense of the State at large。 That inward principle in transcending its
outward manifestations is subjective also in form ! viz。察selfishness and corruption in the unbound
passions and egotistic interests of men。 

                                   ′ 92

Zeus察therefore察who is represented as having put a limit to the devouring agency of Time察and
staid this transience by having established something inherently and independently durable ! Zeus
and his race are themselves swallowed up察and that by the very power that produced them ! the
principle of thought察perception察reasoning察insight derived from rational grounds察and the
requirement of such grounds。 

                                   ′ 93

Time is the negative element in the sensuous world。 Thought is the same negativity察but it is the
deepest察the infinite form of it察in which therefore all existence generally is dissolved察first finite
existence察  determinate察limited form此but existence generally察in its objective character察is
limited察it appears therefore as a mere datum ! something immediate ! authority察  and is either
intrinsically finite and limited察or presents itself as a limit for the thinking subject察and its infinite
reflection on itself unlimited abstractionА

                                   ′ 94

But first we must observe how the life which proceeds from death察is itself察on the other hand察only
individual life察so that察regarding the species as the real and substantial in this vicissitude察the
perishing of the individual is a regress of the species into individuality。 The perpetuation of the race
is察therefore察none other than the monotonous repetition of the same kind of existence。 Further察we
must remark how perception察  the prehension of being by thought察  is the source and
birthplace of a new察and in fact higher form察in a principle which while it preserves察dignifies its
material。 For Thought is that Universal ´ that Species which is immortal察which preserves identity
with itself。 The particular form of Spirit not merely passes away in the world by natural causes in
Time察but is annulled in the automatic self´mirroring activity of consciousness。 Because this
annulling is an activity of Thought察it is at the same time conservative and elevating in its operation。
While then察on the one side察Spirit annuls the reality察the permanence of that which it is察it gains on
the other side察the essence察the Thought察the Universal element of that which it only was its
transient conditionsА Its principle is no longer that immediate import and aim which it was
previously察but the essence of that import and aim。 

                                   ′ 95

The result of this process is then that Spirit察in rendering itself objective and making this its being an
object of thought察on the one hand destroys the determinate form of its being察on the other hand
gains a prehension of the universal element which it involves察and thereby gives a new form to
its inherent principle。 In virtue of this察the substantial character of the National Spirit has been
altered察  that is察its principle has risen into another察and in fact a higher principle。 

                                   ′ 96

It is of the highest importance in apprehending and prehending History to have and to
understand the thought involved in this transition。 The individual traverses as a unity various grades
of development察and remains the same individual察in like manner also does a people察till the Spirit
which it embodies reaches the grade of universality。 In this point lies the fundamental察the Ideal
necessity of transition。 This is the soul ! the essential consideration ! of the philosophical
prehension of History。 

                                   ′ 97

Spirit is essentially the result of its own activity察its activity is the transcending of immediate察simple
unreflected existence察  the negation of that existence察and the returning into itself。 We may
pare it with the seed察for with this the plant begins察yet it is also the result of the plant's entire
life。 But the weak side of life is exhibited in the fact that the mencement and the result are
disjoined from each other。 Thus also is it in the life of individuals and peoples。 The life of a people
ripens a certain fruit察its activity aims at the plete manifestation of the principle which it
embodies。 But this fruit does not fall back into the bosom of the people that produced and
matured it察on the contrary察it bees a poison´draught to it。 That poison´draught it cannot let
alone察for it has an insatiable thirst for it此the taste of the draught is its annihilation。察though at the
same time the rise of a new principle。 

                                   ′ 98

We have already discussed the final aim of progression。 The principles of the successive phases of
Spirit that animate the Nations in a necessitated gradation察are themselves only steps in the
development of the one universal Spirit察which through them elevates and pletes itself to a
self´prehending totality。 

                                   ′ 99

While we are thus concerned exclusively with the Idea of Spirit察and in the History of the World
regard everything as only its manifestation察we have察in traversing the past察  however extensive its
periods察  only to do with what is present察for philosophy察as occupying itself with the True察has
to do with the eternally present。 Nothing in the past is lost for it察for the Idea is ever present
Spirit is immortal察with it there is no past察no future察but an essential now。 This necessarily implies
that the present form of Spirit prehends within it all earlier steps。 These have indeed unfolded
themselves in succession independently察but what Spirit is it has always been essentially
distinctions are only the development of this essential nature。 The life of the ever present Spirit is a
circle of progressive embodiments察which looked at in one respect still exist beside each other
and only as looked at from another point of view appear as past。 The grades which Spirit seems
to have left behind it察it still possesses in the depths of its present。 





The End

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